Typically, your computer will compare For IPv4, the size of the network is very often written out as a subnet mask. The binary values of common subnet masks start with all the ones, with all of the zeros towards the end of the subnet masks, so you often end up with subnet masks like So the computer figures out which addresses would be at the start and end of a group of addresses if all possible Internet addresses are divided into evenly-sized groups of that size.
So, if all possible Internet addresses were split into groups of addresses, then Since the desired destination is 4. So, if we can't send a frame to there, how can we communicate with 4.
By routing. We can find a gateway that will help us get traffic to 4. For most common consumer equipment, people are often used to having just two types of networks: a network that the computer is part of, and the worldwide Internet. Corporations sometimes have multiple sites, and may have other networks. A gateway that is meant to handle addresses to anywhere in the world the entire Internet is sometimes called the "gateway of last resort", and much more commonly called the "default gateway".
That is the gateway that will be used for any address if there isn't a more specific gateway that happens. So, your computer will send an IPv4 ARP request for the default gateway, which will need to be in your network. Quite commonly, that will be the first "usable" address on your network. Due to some very old broadcast standards, and perhaps also due to some common confusion, many people just treat the first address of a subnet as unusable.
This includes creators of some software and hardware, so the decisions of those people often affect the rest of us. So I will use that example. The traffic gets sent to the MAC address that is related to Then, your local router will pay attention to the traffic because the traffic is going to the MAC address.
Because it is a router, it will cooperate by routing the traffic. So your router will figure out if it knows how to communicate directly to 4. In all likelihood, your router won't know how to get 4.
So the process gets repeated, as your router will then "route" the traffic to the MAC address of another router, which may be located at your Internet Service Provider ISP. Now, the point in explaining all this is that even if you did manage to get your computer to translate the The receiving device at Keep in mind that in my working example, even though the IP traffic got sent to the MAC address related to the default gateway, the IP packet's destination of 4. So, if you are trying to change the destination IP address, that isn't simple routing.
That is NAT. So, when network traffic involves a specific network address See: NAT in Windows. Note that a lot of Internet traffic uses TCP. If you are trying to get a TCP connection going to Even if you could get traffic sent to If your software program thinks that it is sending traffic to TCP is very common, e.
The main exceptions are traffic which is very small e. Another example is ICMP or traffic which is very sensitive to slowness maybe VOIP, news like stock prices, where old information is useless than re-updated newer information , real-time games. It can be very helpful to learn whether the protocol you intend to use will rely upon a lower-level protocol like TCP.
Network sniffing e. Typically, you don't bother with NAT on end user machines. Typically, that is done by a router. Some versions of Windows do support the feature of being a router, which means the computer can treat network traffic similar to how other routers treat the traffic.
This question has the "Windows" tag, so I'm guessing you're wanting to do this using software built into Microsoft Windows, I would think that NAT would be supported by a feature called "Routing". It is often supported by the Windows Server releases e.
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