Finally, further research on recommended areas would assist decision-makers in planning and design to enhance livability by improving microclimate and OTC in urban spaces. Intensified human population encourages urbanization changing the morphology and metabolism of urban environments, thus altering the local climate of urban public spaces. Most issues in sustainable development in urban areas such as health, energy, carbon emission, have been attributed to the local climate of cities Xue et al.
Because of climate change and ambient temperature increases throughout the world, biometeorological assessments and outdoor thermal comfort OTC in urban spaces have received increasingly urgent attention Mayer et al.
Currently, modeling techniques which have been improving over many years are introduced to analyze the biometeorology of the urban environments considering the local climate. However, majority of the current OTC assessment methods provide results only for specific meteorological conditions instead of long-term analysis Acero et al.
Even though tropical urban environments are more vulnerable to heat stress and thermal discomfort, research in assessing human biometeorology in tropical climates is scarce. It must be noted that a proper understanding of the microclimatic differences influenced by urban morphology and landscape design elements provides important insights for improving OTC, especially in hot-humid cities Thani et al.
Nevertheless, designing comfortable urban spaces are critical especially in tropical cities, Givoni, due to high intensity of solar radiation.
Increased heat gain and reduced evaporation make tropical outdoor spaces overheat and cause thermal discomfort Thani et al. Therefore, special research attention has been received in seeking strategies to improve the contemporary circumstances of urban microclimate changes Taleghani, Moreover, communication issues, administrative and political discouragement, lack of knowledge in the subject matters such as advanced methodologies and techniques Eliasson, are significant drawbacks in climate-responsive urban design practices.
Therefore, the knowledge-base in urban climatology, microclimate, and OTC require enhancement revealing directions for further research and convincing the decision-makers of their advantages. This study intends to explore the existing knowledge-base in the domain of urban microclimate and thermal comfort in public spaces, to compare the same in tropical cities through a bibliometric mapping and analyze them systematically.
Mathematical analysis of published documents extracted from a database can be quantitatively and statistically investigated on the basic properties, publication patterns, and use of documents of a research domain with bibliometric analysis Agarwal et al. A large volume of bibliographical data and information analysis, visualization and graphical representation techniques, and literature mapping can become conveniently accessible with the aid of software programs due to the fast advancement in data mining Meng et al.
Therefore, it is important to understand the evolution of the literature, key authors, research gaps, methodologies, and future directions of this research domain. VOSviewer bibliometric mapping has been applied in various fields of research such as local climate classification Xue et al.
Therefore, Scientometric Analysis using VOSviewer software was adapted for the network analysis algorithms to comprehend the connectivity of the existing knowledge in the domain of urban microclimate and thermal comfort of public spaces in warm-humid cities. The objectives of the study are as follows:. The research methodology has three main phases; Bibliometric Search, Scientometric Analysis, and Content analysis the approach of science mapping literature Agarwal et al.
Figure 1 is a diagrammatical representation of the methodology. Figure 1. Summary of the methodology. Bibliometric search was conducted based on Scopus database to explore the initial list of papers csv format. The bibliometric data for the scientometric analysis is limited to only the one Scopus database, because of the inability to access several databases in a single analysis.
Mongeon and Paul-Hus have mentioned that the Scopus database includes the largest number of exclusive journals in all fields and a lot more journals than Web of Science.
Further, the Scopus database includes most of the articles indexed in Web of Science in both fields of Natural Science and Engineering, and Social Sciences. Thus, the following search procedure was conducted in the Scopus database. The retrieval of data was performed on 14 June , and bibliographic items with all information were exported. The inclusion of the publication comprises the year to The retrieval of data was performed on the same day and 57 bibliographic items with all information were exported.
Both searches were undertaken with digital filtering process. The manual screening was done only for the second search for further analysis.
Article screening was carried out with inclusion and exclusion criteria. The digital screening was conducted with the initial inclusion of subject area to environmental science, engineering, social sciences, earth and planetary science, energy, decision science, materials science, multidisciplinary, and completion stage to final, the document type to articles, and language to English.
Then, from the first and second search, and 37 articles respectively were explored. In the manual screening, unrelated articles were excluded referring to the article title and the abstract of the paper in warm-humid cities of public spaces in tropical cities.
Three 3 articles were removed in this process due to the irrelevance of the studies semi-outdoor spaces, artificial neural network models, and ecosystem services. Scientometric analysis was conducted for acquired data from the bibliometric search and filtering process articles from the first search and 34 from the second using the version 1. It manifests the distribution of the publications, network of authors, journals, co-occurrence of keywords, co-citations, coupling and co-authoring relationships Waltman et al.
Temporal distribution, influential authors, contribution countries, author keywords were descriptively analyzed. The illustrations show the relationships among the selected articles creating a network using nodes and connections. In VOSviewer, the importance of an item is indicated by weight and score attributes. In visualization maps, an item with higher weight is displayed more prominently with the size of the circles and labels when compared with items of lower weights. Thus, the items with higher much weightages are highlighted with larger labels and circles.
A comprehensive quantitative analysis was conducted for the finalized 34 papers to identify the most influential papers on urban microclimate and thermal comfort in warm-humid cities. The document analysis was done using VOSviewer and ranked based on document weight and normal citation scores.
Finally, a content analysis was conducted manually to determine the most recent movement, research gaps, and future trends in research advancement of urban microclimate OTC of public spaces in tropical cities. Although the scientometric analysis was limited to one Scopus database, the findings from content analysis were discussed referring to the most relevant literature from other scientific databases to validate the identified research gaps and trends.
This section shows the results of the scientometric Analysis and content analysis. This includes the illustrations of the evolution of the publications, leading journals, contributing counties, influential authors, and research topics by generating and clustering the citation network and Co-occurrence network for both articles analysis A and 34 articles analysis B separately.
Then, the selected publications were further reviewed manually to identify the extent of research attention received by the studies in warm-humid cities.
Analysis A—Studies of urban microclimate and OTC in urban public spaces irrespective of the climatic region with the search results of first bibliometric search.
Analysis B—Studies of urban microclimate and thermal comfort in urban public spaces in warm-humid climatic region with the search results of second bibliometric search. Article publications and citations of the articles in the particular domain of research represent the growth and the attention received by the articles. Figure 2 shows the distribution pattern of the studies on microclimate and OTC in urban public spaces for the past 37 years.
Two main stages were identified according to the article publication pattern from the year to Obscured stage: from to —limited research attention has been received and the average number of publication is 0. It means that only 4 articles have been published during the 21 year period. One publication per several years is an indication that the area of research interest has not yet been established or noticeable.
Dynamic stage: from to June —the research trend has started with 8 publications in and continuously the number of publications have been decreased until However, in the last decade to , the number of publications has been steadily increasing until the average number of publications has reached The number of research articles this research domain published in the Scopus database had been significantly increasing in the last decade.
But there were minor fluctuations in the years and Overall, the results demonstrate that research attention on microclimate and OTC assessments in urban spaces is continuously increasing. Main contributing journals in the research domain of urban microclimate and OTC in public space, encompasses a large variety of subjects, such as urban science, meteorology, urban climatology, environmental science, cities and sustainability, building science, energy, landscape and forestry, and urban planning.
Limitations were set to the minimum number of documents of a source as 3 and minimum citations as 15 to analyze the network of leading journals. The following overlay visualization in Figure 3 shows all the sources with 18 nodes and six clusters, the size of the scale of the circles represents the citation weights. Figure 2. Publication pattern of the studies on OTC assessments in urban public spaces. Figure 3. Overlay visualization of the leading journals on OTC assessments in urban public spaces.
According to the ranking based on the number of publications, Building and Environment published the most documents 46 , followed by Sustainable Cities and Society and Urban Climate with 27 and 16 publications respectively. In between the Building and Environment and the Sustainable Cities and Society has the highest link strength 56 , Building and Environment and International Journal of Biometeorology 36 , and Building and Environment and Landscape and urban planning These journals are actively citing each other showing the highest link strengths.
Thus, Building and Environment journal has the highest total linking strength in the studies on urban microclimate and OTC in public space, irrespective of the climatic region.
Table 1 quantitatively shows the ranking of the journals. This value modifies the misrepresentation that articled published earlier have more opportunity of being cited due to the time variations when compared with more recent articles. As such, the five most influential journals can be listed as Renewable Energy 2. The ranking of the fourteen most influential. Table 1.
Ranking of the leading journals based on average normalized citations. It equals the total number of citations divided by the average number of citations published in the same year. Contributing countries in terms of publications were analyzed setting the restrictions to the minimum number of publications of a country as 1 and minimum citations of a country as The following overlay visualization in Figure 4 shows all the countries with 22 items and 4 clusters. The size of the circles represent the document weights and the color represent the scores of average normalized citations.
Accordingly, studies on urban microclimate and OTC in public spaces are mainly based on China 34 , United Kingdom 27 , Germany 26 , Greece 22 , and Australia 20 in terms of the number. Figure 4. Overlay visualization of the most contributing countries and the number of documents on OTC assessments in urban public spaces.
According to the average normalized citations, Canada 2. Moreover, Hong Kong 1. It explains that, regardless of the year of publication, the most cited articles are from these countries. Considering the average number of publication a year, China , Egypt , and Hong Kong have the recent publication trend in this research domain.
However, Sri Lanka has also published one document with 0. Authors who make the highest contibution to this research domain were analyzed setting the restrictions to the minimum number of documents of an author as 1 and minimum citations of an author as The following overlay visualization in Figure 5 shows 22 items in four clusters.
Consequently, the most influential ten authors have been ranked in Table 2 across all countries. Figure 5. Overlay visualization of the most influential authors on OTC assessments in urban public spaces. Table 2. Ten most influential authors ranked by average normalized citations in the domain of OTC assessments in urban public spaces.
Scientometric analysis of author keywords was conducted for the first bibliometric search results from the Scopus database bibliographic items considering the co-occurrence and author keywords clustering. Bibliometric network of author keywords has been illustrated within the domain of urban microclimate and OTC in public spaces. The network visualization of co-occurrence analysis based on author keywords. Figure 6 has been illustrated setting the weight as.
Figure 6. Network of co-occurrence analysis of author keywords showing total link strength, clusters, links and most connected author keywords in the domain. Eight clusters including 49 nodes author keywords linked with co-occurrence links are shown in results. The analysis of this section shows the frequency of appearance of keywords together and their frequency in the data set.
The color of a node represents the cluster in which it is included and the nearness of the keywords represent their connection of each couple of terms. Therefore, biggest circle represents the highest total link strength. Research trends could be identified by considering the clusters of keywords of the domain. Five pairs of keywords are identified based on the co-occurrence of the keywords. Thermal comfort and microclimate are ranked as the highest with link strength of Therefore, recent research papers are seeking strategies to improve thermal comfort in urban environments using micrometeorological simulation modeling.
The overlay visualization in Figure 7 shows the co-occurrence analysis based on author keywords and has been illustrated setting the weight as occurrences and scores as average citations to identify the most cited author keywords and number of occurrences in the research domain.
It is evident that most attention in this domain has been drawn to the author keywords namely; urban design, urban canyon, physiological equivalent temperature PET , thermal sensation, evapotranspiration, and ENVI-met simulations. This demonstrates that the studies assessing human bio meteorology in terms of the cooling effect of vegetation and the impact of street morphology have been widely investigated. Further, the adopted methodologies mostly comprise of computational fluid dynamics CFD for simulations and calculation of PET values as a thermal comfort index to assess the bio meteorology of outdoor thermal environments.
Figure 7. Overlay visualization of co-occurrence analysis of author keywords showing the most influential and occurred author keywords in the domain. PET is a universal index for the bio meteorological assessment of thermal environment which is based on Munich Energy-balance Model for Individuals MEMI and it has been defined as equivalent to the air temperature in a typical indoor setting at which the heat balance of the human body is sustained Hoppe, ; Matzarakis et al.
Table 3 shows the clusters of author keywords and the number of occurrences. Table 3. Clusters of author keywords with occurrences value and average of citation score. The first cluster contains 11 author keywords and presents about air temperature increases and thermal comfort. The top three keywords with the highest number of occurrences are thermal comfort which appears 84 times; mean radiant temperature 6 times and shading 5 times.
The second cluster also contains 11 author keywords, signifying the micrometeorological modeling and urban planning approach, and the highest occurrences are ENVI-met 28 times; urban planning 15 times; physiological equivalent temperature PET 13 times. Thus, it seems that studies on thermal comfort and microclimate in warm-humid urban spaces have received the least occurrences and third-lowest average citations in this research trend.
The third cluster has 8 author keywords presenting more factors affecting urban climate and the top three terms are, vegetation 9 times; urban morphology 9 times and urban climate 7 times. The fourth cluster includes 7 author keywords that present the urban heat gaining and cooling impacts of greenery.
The top three terms are urban heat island 24 times; urban park 5 times and each urban vegetation, green infrastructure, and universal thermal comfort index UTCI 4 times.
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